Theories of depression

Albert Bandura:
Banduras theory self regulatory system is when a person has high personal goals, and then fall short, that fill end up being a type of depresion reducing the feelings of self efficiency, that they think they are not efficient at all so they depress. He said that the people believe they are responsible for their own failure.


Juilian Rotter:

"The Lobotomist"

Dr. Walter Freeman was one of the most important doctors at this time in the United States. His father and grandfather were great doctor which participated in many discoveries over the time. He was the president of the "Assossiation of Neuropathologist". Dr. Freeman participated in 2,500 lobotomist all over the United States. His original mayor was neurologist, over the times he worked with many other surgeons to learn more about making an succesful operation. His first lobotomist operation was performed in 1936, he made this frontal lobotomist operation with his partner Dr. Watts, they were the first ones to produce this operation. His first frontal lobotomist was a bit unsuccessful, so he adopted the Amarro Fiamberti lobotomy from the transversal way. He used ice pick that were hammered into the frontal lobe throught the upper part of the eye that goes directly into the frontal lobe. Dr. Freeman was able to perform this experient in a low range of time, this helpes the people make a better recuperation. Freeman invented the orbitoclast, which he got the idea from leusotome that was already invented for lobotomy. Freeman had his "Lobomovile" which was his car were he performed the test to demonstrate to other doctor how the lobotomy process worked. This process was insane, this was said by several doctors. This was something that was crazy at this time but people now started to see that it worked, even thought that the process was to insane it gave good results. This was tested that the people that received a frontal lobe lobotomist were cured for the specific type of problem, but later on this process would have second reaction, that will affect other things. This problem was made by a psychologist research over the past years. The frontal lobe lobotomist was then modified over the years, many of this surgical where made to many people, Walter Freeman achieved to make 2,500 operation, most of them were a success at the first month, but then they appear to be some problems later on. People that were affected with this frontal lobe operations then received many other type of operation to try to help the affects on the first operation made by Walter Freeman. Dr. Walter Freeman changed over the years this frontal lobe, it all started opening the upper part of the head, but it was to risky and the medicine was not as advance as it is in this moment, so he made this operation throught the frontal lobe, into the upper part of the eye. After the people started realizing that this was a dangerous process, they prohibit for a period of time, until know this operation is still used but in rare ocassion, only when the people really need, now the most common of the operation for the mental health disorder is the electric shock wave. What people now ask themselves is why he didn't used the ethics guide lines and thought a little bit more in consideration for the patients health. This was an extremelly dangerous operation.

Bipolar disease - Interrupted boy

The bipolar disease is a disorder than involves many change of phases between depression and mania. The people that have this disease are most affected a lot by the depression phase, this is when the person suffer a severe form of depression with no affect of having a good sense of humor. The mayority of the people that have this disease tend to think a lot in suicide and death, and that is why most of the population with this disorder suffer from suicide incidents or many other types of damage to their own bodies. Evan Perry was a kid that suffered the bipolar disease, this affected him his whole life, since he was a child, he had been treated with medicines and talk to the therapist. Over the time while he has been growing older his life has changed a lot. Since child his parents wanted the best for him, they send him to a house or a disciplinary house for people that also have almost the same type of disease, this was to help him interact with people. Since Evan Perry was a child he thought a lot about death and suicide. Once he was old he went to school like a normal kid. At the begining of his school years he didn't had any type of friends. Once he was used to going to school he start getting out with friends, and spending some time with them outside school and inside school. He then stopped taking his medicines and this it was the mayority of the people with this disease do. Until one day he took his life. This was a terrible incident for his family and his friends. Nobody could imagine what happened to him, and the letter he left behind with the things people live for, what people die for, and his death will.

Procedure Loftus and Palmer

Procedure :
First,get the students that are going to participate (20 from the American School of Tegucigalpa)
Second, make them watch seven clips of car accidents of 5 to 30 seconds each
Third, They are asked five conditions ( 4 students for each) the conditions are
Condition 1: 'About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?'
Condition 2: 'About how fast were the cars going when they collided into each other?'
Condition 3: 'About how fast were the cars going when they bumped into each other?'
Condition 4: 'About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?
Condition 5: 'About how fast were the cars going when they contacted each other?'
Fourth: Get the results and end the experiment

Internal Assesment:Loftus and Palmer

In this study Loftus and Palmer are attempting to demonstrate that memory is not a factual recording of an event and that memories can become distorted by other information which occurs after the event.

Many of the early studies of memory (e.g. Bartlett 1932) demonstrated how memories are not accurate records of our experiences. It seems that we try to fit past events into our existing representations of the world, making the memory more coherent or make more sense for us.

Much research has documented how difficult it is for people to estimate numerical details such as time, speed and distance. Judgement of speed is especially difficult, with witnesses of traffic accidents varying in their estimations as to how fast a vehicle was actually travelling.

Elizabeth Loftus is a leading figure in the field of eyewitness testimony research. She has demonstrated through the use of leading questions how it is possible to distort a person’s memory of an event.

The study actually consists of two laboratory experiments. They are both examples of an independent measures design. The independent variable in both of the experiments is the verb used. The dependent variable in the first experiment is the participant’s speed estimate and the dependent variable in the second experiment is whether the participant believed they saw glass.

Loftus and Palmer argue that two kinds of information go into a person's memory of a complex event. The first is the information obtained from perceiving the event, and the second is the other information supplied to us after the event. Over time, information from these two sources may be integrated in such a way that we are unable to tell from which source some specific detail is recalled. All we have is one 'memory'. This argument is called the reconstructive hypothesis.

http://www.holah.co.uk/study/loftus/

Placebo Effect

The placebo effect is like a simulated medical improvement in health that does not attribute to any real surgery or medication. This means that it is a lie or a sham, this is something that doctor made to patients being just how the consumer's belief that it will work. H. K. Beecher's discovered the placebo effect. He made a study and discovered that the 35% of approximately 1,082 patients. The research was effective because the studied patients revealed that most of the patient that had the conditions like pain, depression, heart ailments were one of the most successfull

one's to determine. In Beecher's studies they analyzed that people that drank pill containing no active ingredients improved their own situation just by thinking that the pills were doing something to there body.

But these type of studies had problems, Kiene and Kienle determined that no evidence of the placebo effect was cited by him, this was ment to say that the placebo effect is just some false impressions, and that the patients were clinically

improved do to Spontaneous improvement, etc. Based in what I have learned on placebo effect and the studies of H.K. Beecher, I learned that people can be just psychological cured by just thinking that they are going to be alright. In this studies we could see that people tend to improve their own health by false testimonies or pills that have no active ingredients. I think that the placebo effect is a effective type of curing the health of people by not using any type of medications. This means that this test was all true, and that people by just thinking can improve their own medical treatment.

Gender and Cultural differences

The psychologists Agneta Herlitz and Jenny Rehnman were asking themselves is the gender influence the ability to remember things in everyday bases. With some experiments they made, it said that the women had a favoring side, and this is because of episodic memory, and a type of long term memory. In their investigations it said that women were better in verbal episodic memory, and man only remembered the symbols, or nonlinguistic information. In conclusion and observation of their experiment they have discovered that the women are better looking for eye expression, and they form of recognizing things. Many other psychologist also say that people vary in difference according to memory, but they said that the cultural differences also vary. They had made many investigation asking people what are the first memory they have made, and the cultural differences can be seen. They said that people from the United States would have a much earlier memory, than the asian culture.